? Selamat datang
Jika anda mahu belajar bagaimana untuk bekerja dengan .append()dan .extend()dan memahami perbezaan mereka, maka anda telah datang ke tempat yang betul. Ini adalah kaedah senarai yang hebat yang pasti anda akan gunakan dalam projek Python anda.
Dalam artikel ini, anda akan belajar:
- Bagaimana dan bila menggunakan
.append()kaedah tersebut. - Bagaimana dan bila menggunakan
.extend()kaedah tersebut. - Perbezaan utama mereka.
Mari kita mulakan. ✨
? Lampirkan
Mari lihat bagaimana .append()kaedah ini berfungsi di belakang tabir.
Gunakan Kes
Anda harus menggunakan kaedah ini apabila anda ingin menambahkan satu item di hujung senarai.
? Petua: Anda boleh menambahkan item dari sebarang jenis data kerana senarai boleh mempunyai elemen dari jenis data yang berbeza.
Sintaks dan Hujah
Untuk memanggil .append()kaedah, anda perlu menggunakan sintaks ini:
Dari kiri ke kanan:
- Senarai yang akan diubah suai. Ini biasanya pemboleh ubah yang merujuk senarai.
- Titik, diikuti dengan nama kaedah
.append(). - Dalam kurungan, item yang akan ditambahkan ke akhir senarai.
? Petua: Titik itu sangat penting. Ini dipanggil "notasi titik". Titik pada dasarnya mengatakan "sebut kaedah ini pada senarai tertentu", jadi kesan kaedah tersebut akan diterapkan pada senarai yang terletak sebelum titik tersebut.
Contoh
Berikut adalah contoh cara menggunakan .append():
# Define the list >>> nums = [1, 2, 3, 4] # Add the integer 5 to the end of the existing list >>> nums.append(5) # See the updated value of the list >>> nums [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]? Petua: Apabila anda menggunakan .append()senarai asal diubah suai. Kaedah ini tidak membuat salinan senarai - ia mengubah senarai asal dalam memori.
Mari kita berpura-pura bahawa kita sedang menjalankan penyelidikan dan bahawa kita ingin menganalisis data yang dikumpulkan menggunakan Python. Kita perlu menambahkan pengukuran baru ke senarai nilai yang ada.
Bagaimana kita melakukannya? Kami menggunakan .append()kaedah!
Anda boleh melihatnya di sini:
# Existing list >>> nums = [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3] # Add the float (decimal number) to the end of the existing list >>> nums.append(7.34) # See the updated value of the list >>> nums [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3, 7.34]Bersamaan dengan...
Sekiranya anda biasa dengan rentetan, senarai, atau pemotongan tuple, apa yang .append()sebenarnya dilakukan di belakang layar adalah sama dengan:
a[len(a):] = [x]Dengan contoh ini, anda dapat melihat bahawa ia setara.
Menggunakan .append():
>>> nums = [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3] >>> nums.append(4.52) >>> nums [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3, 4.52]Menggunakan pemotongan senarai:
>>> nums = [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3] >>> nums[len(nums):] = [4.52] >>> nums [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3, 4.52]Menambah Urutan
Sekarang, apa pendapat anda mengenai contoh ini? Apa yang anda fikir akan menjadi output?
>>> nums = [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3] >>> nums.append([5.67, 7.67, 3.44]) >>> nums # OUTPUT?Adakah anda sudah bersedia? Ini akan menjadi output:
[5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3, [5.67, 7.67, 3.44]]Anda mungkin bertanya, mengapa senarai penuh ditambahkan sebagai satu item? Ini kerana .append()kaedah itu menambahkan keseluruhan item ke hujung senarai. Sekiranya item tersebut adalah urutan seperti senarai, kamus, atau tuple, keseluruhan urutan akan ditambahkan sebagai item tunggal dari senarai yang ada.
Di sini kita ada contoh lain (di bawah). Dalam kes ini, item tersebut adalah tuple dan ia ditambahkan sebagai item tunggal dalam senarai, bukan sebagai item individu:
>>> names = ["Lulu", "Nora", "Gino", "Bryan"] >>> names.append(("Emily", "John")) >>> names ['Lulu', 'Nora', 'Gino', 'Bryan', ('Emily', 'John')]? Panjangkan
Sekarang mari kita selami fungsi .extend()kaedah tersebut.
Gunakan Kes
Anda harus menggunakan kaedah ini jika anda perlu menambahkan beberapa item ke dalam senarai sebagai item individu .
Let me illustrate the importance of this method with a familiar friend that you just learned: the .append() method. Based on what you've learned so far, if we wanted to add several individual items to a list using .append(), we would need to use .append() several times, like this:
# List that we want to modify >>> nums = [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3] # Appending the items >>> nums.append(2.3) >>> nums.append(9.6) >>> nums.append(4.564) >>> nums.append(7.56) # Updated list >>> nums [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3, 2.3, 9.6, 4.564, 7.56]I'm sure that you are probably thinking that this would not be very efficient, right? What if I need to add thousands or millions of values? I cannot write thousands or millions of lines for this simple task. That would take forever!
So let's see an alternative. We can store the values that we want to add in a separate list and then use a for loop to call .append() as many times as needed:
# List that we want to modify >>> nums = [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3] # Values that we want to add >>> new_values = [2.3, 9.6, 4.564, 7.56] # For loop that is going to append the value >>> for num in new_values: nums.append(num) # Updated value of the list >>> nums [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3, 2.3, 9.6, 4.564, 7.56]This is more efficient, right? We are only writing a few lines. But there is an even more efficient, readable, and compact way to achieve the same purpose: .extend()!
>>> nums = [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3] >>> new_values = [2.3, 9.6, 4.564, 7.56] # This is where the magic occurs! No more for loops >>> nums.extend(new_values) # The list was updated with individual values >>> nums [5.6, 7.44, 6.75, 4.56, 2.3, 2.3, 9.6, 4.564, 7.56]Let's see how this method works behind the scenes.
Syntax and Arguments
To call the .extend() method, you will need to use this syntax:
From Left to Right:
- The list that will be modified. This is usually a variable that refers to the list.
- A dot
.(So far, everything is exactly the same as before). - The name of the method
extend. (Now things start to change...). - Within parentheses, an iterable (list, tuple, dictionary, set, or string) that contains the items that will be added as individual elements of the list.
? Tips: According to the Python documentation, an iterable is defined as "an object capable of returning its members one at a time". Iterables can be used in a for loop and because they return their elements one at a time, we can "do something" with each one of them, one per iteration.
Behind the Scenes
Let's see how .extend() works behind the scenes. Here we have an example:
# List that will be modified >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4] # Sequence of values that we want to add to the list a >>> b = [5, 6, 7] # Calling .extend() >>> a.extend(b) # See the updated list. Now the list a has the values 5, 6, and 7 >>> a [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]You can think of .extend() as a method that appends the individual elements of the iterable in the same order as they appear.
In this case, we have a list a = [1, 2, 3, 4] as illustrated in the diagram below. We also have a list b = [5, 6, 7] that contains the sequence of values that we want to add. The method takes each element of b and appends it to list a in the same order.
After this process is completed, we have the updated list a and we can work with the values as individual elements of a.
? Tips: The list b used to extend list a remains intact after this process. You can work with it after the call to .extend(). Here is the proof:
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> b = [5, 6, 7] >>> a.extend(b) >>> a [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] # List b is intact! >>> b [5, 6, 7]Examples
You may be curious to know how the .extend() method works when you pass different types of iterables. Let's see how in the following examples:
For tuples:
The process works exactly the same if you pass a tuple. The individual elements of the tuple are appended one by one in the order that they appear.
# List that will be extended >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4] # Values that will be added (the iterable is a tuple!) >>> b = (1, 2, 3, 4) # Method call >>> a.extend(b) # The value of the list a was updated >>> a [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4]For sets:
The same occurs if you pass a set. The elements of the set are appended one by one.
# List that will be extended >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4] # Values that will be appended (the iterable is a set!) >>> c = {5, 6, 7} # Method call >>> a.extend(c) # The value of a was updated >>> a [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]For strings:
Strings work a little bit different with the .extend() method. Each character of the string is considered an "item", so the characters are appended one by one in the order that they appear in the string.
# List that will be extended >>> a = ["a", "b", "c"] # String that will be used to extend the list >>> b = "Hello, World!" # Method call >>> a.extend(b) # The value of a was updated >>> a ['a', 'b', 'c', 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ',', ' ', 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!']For dictionaries:
Dictionaries have a particular behavior when you pass them as arguments to .extend(). In this case, the keys of the dictionary are appended one by one. The values of the corresponding key-value pairs are not appended.
In this example (below), the keys are "d", "e", and "f". These values are appended to the list a.
# List that will be extended >>> a = ["a", "b", "c"] # Dictionary that will be used to extend the list >>> b = {"d": 5, "e": 6, "f": 7} # Method call >>> a.extend(b) # The value of a was updated >>> a ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']Equivalent to...
What .extend() does is equivalent to a[len(a):] = iterable. Here we have an example to illustrate that they are equivalent:
Using .extend():
# List that will be extended >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4] # Values that will be appended >>> b = (6, 7, 8) # Method call >>> a.extend(b) # The list was updated >>> a [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8] Using list slicing:
# List that will be extended >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4] # Values that will be appended >>> b = (6, 7, 8) # Assignment statement. Assign the iterable b as the final portion of the list a >>> a[len(a):] = b # The value of a was updated >>> a [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8]The result is the same, but using .extend() is much more readable and compact, right? Python truly offers amazing tools to improve our workflow.
? Summary of their Differences
Now that you know how to work with .append() and .extend(), let's see a summary of their key differences:
- Effect:
.append()adds a single element to the end of the list while.extend()can add multiple individual elements to the end of the list. - Argument:
.append()takes a single element as argument while.extend()takes an iterable as argument (list, tuple, dictionaries, sets, strings).
I really hope that you liked my article and found it helpful. Now you can work with .append() and .extend() in your Python projects. Check out my online courses. Follow me on Twitter. ⭐️