Cara menyusun perkhidmatan web Flask-RESTPlus untuk pembuatan pengeluaran

Pengaturcaraan

Dalam panduan ini saya akan menunjukkan kepada anda pendekatan langkah demi langkah untuk menyusun aplikasi web Flask RESTPlus untuk persekitaran pengujian, pengembangan dan pengeluaran. Saya akan menggunakan OS berasaskan Linux (Ubuntu), tetapi sebahagian besar langkahnya dapat ditiru pada Windows dan Mac.

Sebelum meneruskan panduan ini, anda harus mempunyai pemahaman asas mengenai bahasa pengaturcaraan Python dan kerangka mikro Flask. Sekiranya anda tidak biasa dengan itu, saya cadangkan untuk melihat artikel pengenalan - Cara menggunakan Python dan Flask untuk membina aplikasi web.

Bagaimana panduan ini disusun

Panduan ini dibahagikan kepada bahagian-bahagian berikut:

  • ciri-ciri
  • Apa itu Flask-RESTPlus?
  • Persediaan dan Pemasangan
  • Penyediaan dan Organisasi Projek
  • Tetapan Konfigurasi
  • Skrip Kelalang
  • Model dan Migrasi Pangkalan Data
  • Ujian
  • Konfigurasi
  • Operasi Pengguna
  • Keselamatan dan Pengesahan
  • Perlindungan dan Kebenaran laluan
  • Petua tambahan
  • Memperluaskan Aplikasi & Kesimpulan

ciri-ciri

Kami akan menggunakan ciri dan pelanjutan berikut dalam projek kami.

  • Flask-Bcrypt: Sambungan Flask yang menyediakan utiliti hasc bcrypt untuk aplikasi anda .
  • Flask-Migrate: Sambungan yang menangani migrasi pangkalan data SQLAlchemy untuk aplikasi Flask menggunakan Alembic. Operasi pangkalan data disediakan melalui antara muka baris perintah Flask atau melalui pelanjutan Flask-Script.
  • Flask-SQLAlchemy: Sambungan untuk Flask yang menambahkan sokongan untuk SQLAlchemy ke aplikasi anda.
  • PyJWT: Perpustakaan Python yang membolehkan anda mengekod dan menyahkod Token Web JSON (JWT). JWT adalah standard industri terbuka (RFC 7519) untuk mewakili tuntutan dengan selamat antara dua pihak.
  • Flask-Script: Sambungan yang memberikan sokongan untuk menulis skrip luaran di Flask dan tugas baris perintah lain yang berada di luar aplikasi web itu sendiri.
  • Ruang Nama (Blueprints)
  • Flask-restplus
  • Ujian Unit

Apa itu Flask-RESTPlus?

Flask-RESTPlus adalah lanjutan untuk Flask yang menambah sokongan untuk membangun API REST dengan cepat. Flask-RESTPlus mendorong amalan terbaik dengan persediaan minimum. Ini menyediakan koleksi penghias dan alat yang koheren untuk menerangkan API anda dan mendedahkan dokumentasinya dengan betul (menggunakan Swagger).

Persediaan dan Pemasangan

Periksa apakah anda telah memasang pip, dengan mengetik perintah pip --versionke Terminal, kemudian tekan Enter.

pip --version

Sekiranya terminal bertindak balas dengan nombor versi, ini bermaksud pip dipasang, jadi pergi ke langkah seterusnya, jika tidak memasang pip atau menggunakan pengurus paket Linux, jalankan perintah di bawah di terminal dan tekan enter. Pilih sama ada versi Python 2.x ATAU 3.x.

  • Python 2.x
sudo apt-get install python-pip
  • Python 3.x
sudo apt-get install python3-pip

Sediakan persekitaran maya dan pembungkus persekitaran maya (anda hanya memerlukan salah satunya, bergantung pada versi yang dipasang di atas):

sudo pip install virtualenv sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper

Ikuti pautan ini untuk persediaan lengkap pembungkus persekitaran maya.

Buat persekitaran baru dan aktifkan dengan melaksanakan perintah berikut di terminal:

mkproject name_of_your_project

Penyediaan dan Organisasi Projek

Saya akan menggunakan struktur berfungsi untuk menyusun fail projek mengikut apa yang mereka lakukan. Dalam struktur fungsional, templat dikelompokkan dalam satu direktori, fail statik yang lain dan paparan pada yang ketiga.

Di direktori projek, buat pakej baru yang dipanggil app. Di dalamnya app, buat dua pakej main dan test. Struktur direktori anda akan kelihatan serupa dengan yang ada di bawah.

. ├── app │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── main │ │ └── __init__.py │ └── test │ └── __init__.py └── requirements.txt

Kami akan menggunakan struktur fungsional untuk memodulasi aplikasi kami.

Di dalam mainpakej, buat tiga lagi pakej iaitu: controller, servicedan model. The modelpakej akan mengandungi semua model pangkalan data kami manakala servicepakej akan mengandungi semua logik perniagaan permohonan kami dan akhirnya controllerpakej akan mengandungi semua titik hujung permohonan kami. Struktur pokok kini kelihatan seperti berikut:

. ├── app │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── main │ │ ├── controller │ │ │ └── __init__.py │ │ ├── __init__.py │ │ ├── model │ │ │ └── __init__.py │ │ └── service │ │ └── __init__.py │ └── test │ └── __init__.py └── requirements.txt

Sekarang mari pasang pakej yang diperlukan. Pastikan persekitaran maya yang anda buat diaktifkan dan jalankan arahan berikut di terminal:

pip install flask-bcrypt pip install flask-restplus pip install Flask-Migrate pip install pyjwt pip install Flask-Script pip install flask_testing

Buat atau kemas kini requirements.txtfail dengan menjalankan perintah:

pip freeze > requirements.txt

requirements.txtFail yang dihasilkan mestilah serupa dengan yang di bawah:

alembic==0.9.8 aniso8601==3.0.0 bcrypt==3.1.4 cffi==1.11.5 click==6.7 Flask==0.12.2 Flask-Bcrypt==0.7.1 Flask-Migrate==2.1.1 flask-restplus==0.10.1 Flask-Script==2.0.6 Flask-SQLAlchemy==2.3.2 Flask-Testing==0.7.1 itsdangerous==0.24 Jinja2==2.10 jsonschema==2.6.0 Mako==1.0.7 MarkupSafe==1.0 pycparser==2.18 PyJWT==1.6.0 python-dateutil==2.7.0 python-editor==1.0.3 pytz==2018.3 six==1.11.0 SQLAlchemy==1.2.5 Werkzeug==0.14.1

Tetapan Konfigurasi

Dalam mainpakej buat fail yang dipanggil config.pydengan kandungan berikut:

import os # uncomment the line below for postgres database url from environment variable # postgres_local_base = os.environ['DATABASE_URL'] basedir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)) class Config: SECRET_KEY = os.getenv('SECRET_KEY', 'my_precious_secret_key') DEBUG = False class DevelopmentConfig(Config): # uncomment the line below to use postgres # SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = postgres_local_base DEBUG = True SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite:///' + os.path.join(basedir, 'flask_boilerplate_main.db') SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False class TestingConfig(Config): DEBUG = True TESTING = True SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite:///' + os.path.join(basedir, 'flask_boilerplate_test.db') PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION = False SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False class ProductionConfig(Config): DEBUG = False # uncomment the line below to use postgres # SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = postgres_local_base config_by_name = dict( dev=DevelopmentConfig, test=TestingConfig, prod=ProductionConfig ) key = Config.SECRET_KEY

Fail konfigurasi mengandungi tiga kelas persediaan persekitaran yang termasuk testing, developmentdan production.

Kami akan menggunakan corak kilang aplikasi untuk membuat objek Flask kami. Corak ini paling berguna untuk membuat beberapa contoh aplikasi kita dengan tetapan yang berbeza. Ini memfasilitasi kemudahan di mana kita beralih antara pengujian, pengembangan dan lingkungan produksi kita dengan memanggil create_appfungsi dengan parameter yang diperlukan.

Dalam __init__.pyfail di dalam mainpakej, masukkan baris kod berikut:

from flask import Flask from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy from flask_bcrypt import Bcrypt from .config import config_by_name db = SQLAlchemy() flask_bcrypt = Bcrypt() def create_app(config_name): app = Flask(__name__) app.config.from_object(config_by_name[config_name]) db.init_app(app) flask_bcrypt.init_app(app) return app

Skrip Kelalang

Sekarang mari buat titik masuk aplikasi kami. Di direktori root projek, buat fail yang dipanggil manage.pydengan kandungan berikut:

import os import unittest from flask_migrate import Migrate, MigrateCommand from flask_script import Manager from app.main import create_app, db app = create_app(os.getenv('BOILERPLATE_ENV') or 'dev') app.app_context().push() manager = Manager(app) migrate = Migrate(app, db) manager.add_command('db', MigrateCommand) @manager.command def run(): app.run() @manager.command def test(): """Runs the unit tests.""" tests = unittest.TestLoader().discover('app/test', pattern="test*.py") result = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(tests) if result.wasSuccessful(): return 0 return 1 if __name__ == '__main__': manager.run()

Kod di atas manage.pymelakukan perkara berikut:

  • line 4 and 5 imports the migrate and manager modules respectively (we will be using the migrate command soon).
  • line 9 calls the create_app function we created initially to create the application instance with the required parameter from the environment variable which can be either of the following - dev, prod, test. If none is set in the environment variable, the default dev is used.
  • line 13 and 15 instantiates the manager and migrate classes by passing the app instance to their respective constructors.
  • In line 17,we pass the db and MigrateCommandinstances to the add_command interface of the managerto expose all the database migration commands through Flask-Script.
  • line 20 and 25 marks the two functions as executable from the command line.
Flask-Migrate exposes two classes, Migrate and MigrateCommand. The Migrateclass contains all the functionality of the extension. The MigrateCommand class is only used when it is desired to expose database migration commands through the Flask-Script extension.

At this point, we can test the application by running the command below in the project root directory.

python manage.py run

If everything is okay, you should see something like this:

Database Models and Migration

Now let’s create our models. We will be using the db instance of the sqlalchemy to create our models.

The db instance contains all the functions and helpers from both sqlalchemyand sqlalchemy.ormandit provides a class called Model that is a declarative base which can be used to declare models.

In the model package, create a file called user.py with the following content:

from .. import db, flask_bcrypt class User(db.Model): """ User Model for storing user related details """ __tablename__ = "user" id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) email = db.Column(db.String(255), unique=True, nullable=False) registered_on = db.Column(db.DateTime, nullable=False) admin = db.Column(db.Boolean, nullable=False, default=False) public_id = db.Column(db.String(100), unique=True) username = db.Column(db.String(50), unique=True) password_hash = db.Column(db.String(100)) @property def password(self): raise AttributeError('password: write-only field') @password.setter def password(self, password): self.password_hash = flask_bcrypt.generate_password_hash(password).decode('utf-8') def check_password(self, password): return flask_bcrypt.check_password_hash(self.password_hash, password) def __repr__(self): return "".format(self.username)

The above code within user.py does the following:

  • line 3: The user class inherits from db.Model class which declares the class as a model for sqlalchemy.
  • line 7 through 13 creates the required columns for the user table.
  • line 21 is a setter for the field password_hash and it uses flask-bcryptto generate a hash using the provided password.
  • line 24 compares a given password with already savedpassword_hash.

Now to generate the database table from the user model we just created, we will use migrateCommand through the manager interface. For managerto detect our models, we will have to import theuser model by adding below code to manage.py file:

... from app.main.model import user ...

Sekarang kita dapat terus melakukan migrasi dengan menjalankan perintah berikut pada direktori root projek:

  1. Mulakan folder migrasi menggunakan initperintah untuk alembic untuk melakukan migrasi.
python manage.py db init

2. Buat skrip migrasi dari perubahan yang dikesan dalam model menggunakan migrateperintah. Ini belum mempengaruhi pangkalan data.

python manage.py db migrate --message 'initial database migration'

3. Terapkan skrip migrasi ke pangkalan data dengan menggunakan upgradearahan

python manage.py db upgrade

Sekiranya semuanya berjalan dengan jayanya, anda harus mempunyai pangkalan data sqlLite baru

flask_boilerplate_main.db fail yang dihasilkan di dalam pakej utama.

Setiap kali model pangkalan data berubah, ulangi migratedan upgradeperintah

Ujian

Konfigurasi

Untuk memastikan penyediaan konfigurasi persekitaran kita berfungsi, mari tulis beberapa ujian untuknya.

Create a file called test_config.py in the test package with the content below:

import os import unittest from flask import current_app from flask_testing import TestCase from manage import app from app.main.config import basedir class TestDevelopmentConfig(TestCase): def create_app(self): app.config.from_object('app.main.config.DevelopmentConfig') return app def test_app_is_development(self): self.assertFalse(app.config['SECRET_KEY'] is 'my_precious') self.assertTrue(app.config['DEBUG'] is True) self.assertFalse(current_app is None) self.assertTrue( app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] == 'sqlite:///' + os.path.join(basedir, 'flask_boilerplate_main.db') ) class TestTestingConfig(TestCase): def create_app(self): app.config.from_object('app.main.config.TestingConfig') return app def test_app_is_testing(self): self.assertFalse(app.config['SECRET_KEY'] is 'my_precious') self.assertTrue(app.config['DEBUG']) self.assertTrue( app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] == 'sqlite:///' + os.path.join(basedir, 'flask_boilerplate_test.db') ) class TestProductionConfig(TestCase): def create_app(self): app.config.from_object('app.main.config.ProductionConfig') return app def test_app_is_production(self): self.assertTrue(app.config['DEBUG'] is False) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()

Run the test using the command below:

python manage.py test

You should get the following output:

User Operations

Now let’s work on the following user related operations:

  • creating a new user
  • getting a registered user with his public_id
  • getting all registered users.

User Service class: This class handles all the logic relating to the user model.

In the service package, create a new file user_service.py with the following content:

import uuid import datetime from app.main import db from app.main.model.user import User def save_new_user(data): user = User.query.filter_by(email=data['email']).first() if not user: new_user = User( public_id=str(uuid.uuid4()), email=data['email'], username=data['username'], password=data['password'], registered_on=datetime.datetime.utcnow() ) save_changes(new_user) response_object = { 'status': 'success', 'message': 'Successfully registered.' } return response_object, 201 else: response_object = { 'status': 'fail', 'message': 'User already exists. Please Log in.', } return response_object, 409 def get_all_users(): return User.query.all() def get_a_user(public_id): return User.query.filter_by(public_id=public_id).first() def save_changes(data): db.session.add(data) db.session.commit()

The above code within user_service.py does the following:

  • line 8 through 29 creates a new user by first checking if the user already exists; it returns a success response_object if the user doesn’t exist else it returns an error code 409 and a failure response_object.
  • line 33dan 37mengembalikan senarai semua pengguna berdaftar dan objek pengguna dengan memberikan public_idmasing - masing.
  • line 40untuk 42melakukan perubahan pada pangkalan data.
Tidak perlu menggunakan jsonify untuk memformat objek ke JSON, Flask-restplus melakukannya secara automatik

Dalam mainpakej, buat pakej baru yang dipanggil util. Pakej ini akan mengandungi semua utiliti yang diperlukan yang mungkin kami perlukan dalam aplikasi kami.

Dalam utilpakej, buat fail baru dto.py. Seperti namanya, objek pemindahan data (DTO) akan bertanggung jawab untuk membawa data antara proses. Dalam kes kami sendiri, ia akan digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data untuk panggilan API kami. Kami akan memahami perkara ini dengan lebih baik semasa kami meneruskannya.

from flask_restplus import Namespace, fields class UserDto: api = Namespace('user', description="user related operations") user = api.model('user', { 'email': fields.String(required=True, description="user email address"), 'username': fields.String(required=True, description="user username"), 'password': fields.String(required=True, description="user password"), 'public_id': fields.String(description='user Identifier') })

Kod di atas dto.pymelakukan perkara berikut:

  • line 5 creates a new namespace for user related operations. Flask-RESTPlus provides a way to use almost the same pattern as Blueprint. The main idea is to split your app into reusable namespaces. A namespace module will contain models and resources declaration.
  • line 6 creates a new user dto through the model interface provided by the api namespace in line 5.

User Controller: The user controller class handles all the incoming HTTP requests relating to the user .

Under the controller package, create a new file called user_controller.py with the following content:

from flask import request from flask_restplus import Resource from ..util.dto import UserDto from ..service.user_service import save_new_user, get_all_users, get_a_user api = UserDto.api _user = UserDto.user @api.route('/') class UserList(Resource): @api.doc('list_of_registered_users') @api.marshal_list_with(_user, envelope="data") def get(self): """List all registered users""" return get_all_users() @api.response(201, 'User successfully created.') @api.doc('create a new user') @api.expect(_user, validate=True) def post(self): """Creates a new User """ data = request.json return save_new_user(data=data) @api.route('/') @api.param('public_id', 'The User identifier') @api.response(404, 'User not found.') class User(Resource): @api.doc('get a user') @api.marshal_with(_user) def get(self, public_id): """get a user given its identifier""" user = get_a_user(public_id) if not user: api.abort(404) else: return user

line 1 through 8 imports all the required resources for the user controller.

We defined two concrete classes in our user controller which are

userList and user. These two classes extends the abstract flask-restplus resource.

Concrete resources should extend from this class and expose methods for each supported HTTP method. If a resource is invoked with an unsupported HTTP method, the API will return a response with status 405 Method Not Allowed. Otherwise the appropriate method is called and passed all arguments from the URL rule used when adding the resource to an API instance.

The api namespace in line 7 above provides the controller with several decorators which includes but is not limited to the following:

  • api.route: A decorator to route resources
  • api.marshal_with: A decorator specifying the fields to use for serialization (This is where we use the userDto we created earlier)
  • api.marshal_list_with: A shortcut decorator for marshal_with above withas_list = True
  • api.doc: A decorator to add some api documentation to the decorated object
  • api.response: A decorator to specify one of the expected responses
  • api.expect: A decorator to Specify the expected input model ( we still use the userDto for the expected input)
  • api.param: A decorator to specify one of the expected parameters

We have now defined our namespace with the user controller. Now its time to add it to the application entry point.

In the __init__.py file of app package, enter the following:

# app/__init__.py from flask_restplus import Api from flask import Blueprint from .main.controller.user_controller import api as user_ns blueprint = Blueprint('api', __name__) api = Api(blueprint,, version="1.0", description="a boilerplate for flask restplus web service" ) api.add_namespace(user_ns, path="/user")

The above code within blueprint.py does the following:

  • In line 8, we create a blueprint instance by passing name and import_name.API is the main entry point for the application resources and hence needs to be initialized with the blueprint in line 10.
  • In line 16 , we add the user namespace user_ns to the list of namespaces in the API instance.

We have now defined our blueprint. It’s time to register it on our Flask app.

Update manage.py by importing blueprint and registering it with the Flask application instance.

from app import blueprint ... app = create_app(os.getenv('BOILERPLATE_ENV') or 'dev') app.register_blueprint(blueprint) app.app_context().push() ...

We can now test our application to see that everything is working fine.

python manage.py run

Now open the URL //127.0.0.1:5000 in your browser. You should see the swagger documentation.

Let’s test the create new user endpoint using the swagger testing functionality.

You should get the following response

Security and Authentication

Let’s create a model blacklistToken for storing blacklisted tokens. In the models package, create a blacklist.py file with the following content:

from .. import db import datetime class BlacklistToken(db.Model): """ Token Model for storing JWT tokens """ __tablename__ = 'blacklist_tokens' id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) token = db.Column(db.String(500), unique=True, nullable=False) blacklisted_on = db.Column(db.DateTime, nullable=False) def __init__(self, token): self.token = token self.blacklisted_on = datetime.datetime.now() def __repr__(self): return '

Lets not forget to migrate the changes to take effect on our database.

Import the blacklist class in manage.py.

from app.main.model import blacklist

Run the migrate and upgrade commands

python manage.py db migrate --message 'add blacklist table' python manage.py db upgrade

Next create blacklist_service.py in the service package with the following content for blacklisting a token:

from app.main import db from app.main.model.blacklist import BlacklistToken def save_token(token): blacklist_token = BlacklistToken(token=token) try: # insert the token db.session.add(blacklist_token) db.session.commit() response_object = { 'status': 'success', 'message': 'Successfully logged out.' } return response_object, 200 except Exception as e: response_object = { 'status': 'fail', 'message': e } return response_object, 200

Update the user model with two static methods for encoding and decoding tokens. Add the following imports:

import datetime import jwt from app.main.model.blacklist import BlacklistToken from ..config import key
  • Encoding
def encode_auth_token(self, user_id): """ Generates the Auth Token :return: string """ try: payload = { 'exp': datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=5), 'iat': datetime.datetime.utcnow(), 'sub': user_id } return jwt.encode( payload, key, algorithm="HS256" ) except Exception as e: return e
  • Decoding: Blacklisted token, expired token and invalid token are taken into consideration while decoding the authentication token.
 @staticmethod def decode_auth_token(auth_token): """ Decodes the auth token :param auth_token: :return: integer|string """ try: payload = jwt.decode(auth_token, key) is_blacklisted_token = BlacklistToken.check_blacklist(auth_token) if is_blacklisted_token: return 'Token blacklisted. Please log in again.' else: return payload['sub'] except jwt.ExpiredSignatureError: return 'Signature expired. Please log in again.' except jwt.InvalidTokenError: return 'Invalid token. Please log in again.'

Now let’s write a test for the user model to ensure that our encode and decode functions are working properly.

In the test package, create base.py file with the following content:

from flask_testing import TestCase from app.main import db from manage import app class BaseTestCase(TestCase): """ Base Tests """ def create_app(self): app.config.from_object('app.main.config.TestingConfig') return app def setUp(self): db.create_all() db.session.commit() def tearDown(self): db.session.remove() db.drop_all()

The BaseTestCase sets up our test environment ready before and after every test case that extends it.

Create test_user_medol.py with the following test cases:

import unittest import datetime from app.main import db from app.main.model.user import User from app.test.base import BaseTestCase class TestUserModel(BaseTestCase): def test_encode_auth_token(self): user = User( email="[email protected]", password="test", registered_on=datetime.datetime.utcnow() ) db.session.add(user) db.session.commit() auth_token = user.encode_auth_token(user.id) self.assertTrue(isinstance(auth_token, bytes)) def test_decode_auth_token(self): user = User( email="[email protected]", password="test", registered_on=datetime.datetime.utcnow() ) db.session.add(user) db.session.commit() auth_token = user.encode_auth_token(user.id) self.assertTrue(isinstance(auth_token, bytes)) self.assertTrue(User.decode_auth_token(auth_token.decode("utf-8") ) == 1) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()

Run the test with python manage.py test. All the tests should pass.

Let’s create the authentication endpoints for login and logout.

  • First we need a dto for the login payload. We will use the auth dto for the @expect annotation in login endpoint. Add the code below to the dto.py
class AuthDto: api = Namespace('auth', description="authentication related operations") user_auth = api.model('auth_details', { 'email': fields.String(required=True, description="The email address"), 'password': fields.String(required=True, description="The user password"), })
  • Next, we create an authentication helper class for handling all authentication related operations. This auth_helper.py will be in the service package and will contain two static methods which are login_user and logout_user
When a user is logged out, the user’s token is blacklisted ie the user can’t log in again with that same token.
from app.main.model.user import User from ..service.blacklist_service import save_token class Auth: @staticmethod def login_user(data): try: # fetch the user data user = User.query.filter_by(email=data.get('email')).first() if user and user.check_password(data.get('password')): auth_token = user.encode_auth_token(user.id) if auth_token: response_object = { 'status': 'success', 'message': 'Successfully logged in.', 'Authorization': auth_token.decode() } return response_object, 200 else: response_object = { 'status': 'fail', 'message': 'email or password does not match.' } return response_object, 401 except Exception as e: print(e) response_object = { 'status': 'fail', 'message': 'Try again' } return response_object, 500 @staticmethod def logout_user(data): if data: auth_token = data.split(" ")[1] else: auth_token = '' if auth_token: resp = User.decode_auth_token(auth_token) if not isinstance(resp, str): # mark the token as blacklisted return save_token(token=auth_token) else: response_object = { 'status': 'fail', 'message': resp } return response_object, 401 else: response_object = { 'status': 'fail', 'message': 'Provide a valid auth token.' } return response_object, 403
  • Let us now create endpoints for login and logout operations.

    In the controller package, create

    auth_controller.py with the following contents:

from flask import request from flask_restplus import Resource from app.main.service.auth_helper import Auth from ..util.dto import AuthDto api = AuthDto.api user_auth = AuthDto.user_auth @api.route('/login') class UserLogin(Resource): """ User Login Resource """ @api.doc('user login') @api.expect(user_auth, validate=True) def post(self): # get the post data post_data = request.json return Auth.login_user(data=post_data) @api.route('/logout') class LogoutAPI(Resource): """ Logout Resource """ @api.doc('logout a user') def post(self): # get auth token auth_header = request.headers.get('Authorization') return Auth.logout_user(data=auth_header)
  • At this point the only thing left is to register the auth api namespace with the application Blueprint

Update __init__.py file of app package with the following

# app/__init__.py from flask_restplus import Api from flask import Blueprint from .main.controller.user_controller import api as user_ns from .main.controller.auth_controller import api as auth_ns blueprint = Blueprint('api', __name__) api = Api(blueprint,, version="1.0", description="a boilerplate for flask restplus web service" ) api.add_namespace(user_ns, path="/user") api.add_namespace(auth_ns)

Run the application with python manage.py run and open the url //127.0.0.1:5000 in your browser.

The swagger documentation should now reflect the newly created auth namespace with the login and logout endpoints.

Before we write some tests to ensure our authentication is working as expected, let’s modify our registration endpoint to automatically login a user once the registration is successful.

Add the method generate_token below to user_service.py:

def generate_token(user): try: # generate the auth token auth_token = user.encode_auth_token(user.id) response_object = { 'status': 'success', 'message': 'Successfully registered.', 'Authorization': auth_token.decode() } return response_object, 201 except Exception as e: response_object = { 'status': 'fail', 'message': 'Some error occurred. Please try again.' } return response_object, 401

The generate_token method generates an authentication token by encoding the user id. This token isthe returned as a response.

Next, replace the return block in save_new_user method below

response_object = { 'status': 'success', 'message': 'Successfully registered.' } return response_object, 201

with

return generate_token(new_user)

Now its time to test the login and logout functionalities. Create a new test file test_auth.py in the test package with the following content:

import unittest import json from app.test.base import BaseTestCase def register_user(self): return self.client.post( '/user/', data=json.dumps(dict( email="[email protected]", username="username", password="123456" )), content_type="application/json" ) def login_user(self): return self.client.post( '/auth/login', data=json.dumps(dict( email="[email protected]", password="123456" )), content_type="application/json" ) class TestAuthBlueprint(BaseTestCase): def test_registered_user_login(self): """ Test for login of registered-user login """ with self.client: # user registration user_response = register_user(self) response_data = json.loads(user_response.data.decode()) self.assertTrue(response_data['Authorization']) self.assertEqual(user_response.status_code, 201) # registered user login login_response = login_user(self) data = json.loads(login_response.data.decode()) self.assertTrue(data['Authorization']) self.assertEqual(login_response.status_code, 200) def test_valid_logout(self): """ Test for logout before token expires """ with self.client: # user registration user_response = register_user(self) response_data = json.loads(user_response.data.decode()) self.assertTrue(response_data['Authorization']) self.assertEqual(user_response.status_code, 201) # registered user login login_response = login_user(self) data = json.loads(login_response.data.decode()) self.assertTrue(data['Authorization']) self.assertEqual(login_response.status_code, 200) # valid token logout response = self.client.post( '/auth/logout', headers=dict( Authorization="Bearer" + json.loads( login_response.data.decode() )['Authorization'] ) ) data = json.loads(response.data.decode()) self.assertTrue(data['status'] == 'success') self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()

Visit the github repo for a more exhaustive test cases.

Route protection and Authorization

So far, we have successfully created our endpoints, implemented login and logout functionalities but our endpoints remains unprotected.

We need a way to define rules that determines which of our endpoint is open or requires authentication or even an admin privilege.

We can achieve this by creating custom decorators for our endpoints.

Before we can protect or authorize any of our endpoints, we need to know the currently logged in user. We can do this by pulling the Authorization token from the header of the current request by using the flask library request.We then decode the user details from the Authorization token.

In the Auth class of auth_helper.py file, add the following static method:

@staticmethod def get_logged_in_user(new_request): # get the auth token auth_token = new_request.headers.get('Authorization') if auth_token: resp = User.decode_auth_token(auth_token) if not isinstance(resp, str): user = User.query.filter_by(id=resp).first() response_object = { 'status': 'success', 'data': { 'user_id': user.id, 'email': user.email, 'admin': user.admin, 'registered_on': str(user.registered_on) } } return response_object, 200 response_object = { 'status': 'fail', 'message': resp } return response_object, 401 else: response_object = { 'status': 'fail', 'message': 'Provide a valid auth token.' } return response_object, 401

Now that we can retrieve the logged in user from the request, let’s go ahead and create the decorators.

Create a file decorator.py in the util package with the following content:

from functools import wraps from flask import request from app.main.service.auth_helper import Auth def token_required(f): @wraps(f) def decorated(*args, **kwargs): data, status = Auth.get_logged_in_user(request) token = data.get('data') if not token: return data, status return f(*args, **kwargs) return decorated def admin_token_required(f): @wraps(f) def decorated(*args, **kwargs): data, status = Auth.get_logged_in_user(request) token = data.get('data') if not token: return data, status admin = token.get('admin') if not admin: response_object = { 'status': 'fail', 'message': 'admin token required' } return response_object, 401 return f(*args, **kwargs) return decorated

For more information about decorators and how to create them, take a look at this link.

Now that we have created the decorators token_required and admin_token_required for valid token and for an admin token respectively, all that is left is to annotate the endpoints which we wish to protect with the freecodecamp orgappropriate decorator.

Extra tips

Currently to perform some tasks in our application, we are required to run different commands for starting the app, running tests, installing dependencies etc. We can automate those processes by arranging all the commands in one file using Makefile.

On the root directory of the application, create a Makefile with no file extension. The file should contain the following:

.PHONY: clean system-packages python-packages install tests run all clean: find . -type f -name '*.pyc' -delete find . -type f -name '*.log' -delete system-packages: sudo apt install python-pip -y python-packages: pip install -r requirements.txt install: system-packages python-packages tests: python manage.py test run: python manage.py run all: clean install tests run

Here are the options of the make file.

  1. make install : installs both system-packages and python-packages
  2. make clean : cleans up the app
  3. make tests : runs the all the tests
  4. make run : starts the application
  5. make all : performs clean-up,installation , run tests , and starts the app.

Extending the App & Conclusion

It’s pretty easy to copy the current application structure and extend it to add more functionalities/endpoints to the App. Just view any of the previous routes that have been implemented.

Feel free to leave a comment have you any question, observations or recommendations. Also, if this post was helpful to you, click on the clap icon so others will see this here and benefit as well.

Visit the github repository for the complete project.

Thanks for reading and good luck!